Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including bone health, muscle contractions, and nerve signaling. However, when calcium levels become excessively elevated, it can lead to health problems. In this article, we will explore what hypercalcemia is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Hypercalcemia?

Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the concentration of calcium in the blood exceeds the normal range. The normal range for blood calcium levels is typically between 8.5 and 10.4 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Hypercalcemia is generally defined as a calcium level above 10.4 mg/dL.

Causes of Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia can result from various underlying causes, including:

1. Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Overactivity of the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium balance in the body.

2. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Typically due to chronic kidney disease, leading to increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) production.

3. Malignancy: Certain cancers, especially those affecting the bones, can release calcium into the bloodstream.

4. Medications: Some medications, such as thiazide diuretics and certain forms of vitamin D, can contribute to elevated calcium levels.

5. Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid glands can indirectly affect calcium metabolism.

6. Excessive Calcium Intake: Consuming large amounts of calcium supplements or antacids containing calcium.

7. Dehydration: Severe dehydration can lead to concentrated blood calcium levels.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hypercalcemia can vary depending on the severity and the rate at which calcium levels rise. Common symptoms may include:

1. Frequent Urination: Increased need to urinate.
2. Excessive Thirst: Intense thirst and dry mouth.
3. Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness.
4. Muscle Weakness: Decreased muscle strength.
5. Nausea and Vomiting: Digestive discomfort and vomiting.
6. Abdominal Pain: Discomfort in the abdomen.
7. Bone Pain: Pain or aching in the bones.
8. Confusion: Cognitive changes and confusion.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing hypercalcemia involves blood tests to measure calcium levels and identify the underlying cause. Diagnostic tests may include:

1. Blood Calcium Levels: Measurement of total and ionized calcium levels.

2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Levels: To assess parathyroid function.

3. Kidney Function Tests: To check for kidney involvement.

4. Imaging Studies: X-rays, bone scans, or CT scans to detect bone abnormalities or tumors.

5. Electrocardiogram (ECG): To monitor heart rhythm, as hypercalcemia can affect the heart.

Treatment

The treatment of hypercalcemia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. Treatment options may include:

1. Hydration: Intravenous (IV) fluids to rehydrate the body and promote urinary calcium excretion.

2. Medications: Medications such as bisphosphonates or calcitonin to lower calcium levels.

3. Treating Underlying Conditions: Addressing the underlying cause, such as surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer treatment.

4. Dietary Adjustments: Reducing calcium intake if excessive dietary calcium is contributing to the condition.